地球变绿，中国做了多大贡献？
地球变绿，中国做了多大贡献？
地球变绿，中国做了多大贡献？卫星遥感有图有真相
地球变得更绿了，中国的贡献比例居首。
The earth has become greener, with China leading the way.
这一结论来自于美国宇航局（NASA）对地观测卫星Aqua和Terra的数据。
This conclusion has been reached from data compiled by NASA's Aqua and Terra earth observation satellites.
2000年至2017年间，全球绿化面积增加了5%，其中25%来自中国。而事实上中国的植被面积仅占全球的6.6%。那么，这些变化是怎么发生的呢？
From 2000 to 2017, the global areas covered by greenery increased by 5%, of which, 25% of such territory lies in China. In fact, China only accounts for 6.6% of global vegetation coverage. So, how did these changes happen?
为此，我们邀请中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所长期从事植被变化监测的专家，用长长长长的一串数字和卫星遥感影像告诉你答案。
To this end, we have invited experts from the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences who have been engaged in monitoring vegetation change for a long period of time, to explain the process with the sufficient statistical data and satellite remote sensory images.
今年早些时候，一篇由美国波士顿大学领衔、美国宇航局主要资助的多国合作研究论文发表在《自然-可持续发展》期刊上，这篇题为《中国和印度通过土地利用管理引领世界变绿》的论文发现：2000—2017年，中国和印度主导了全球陆地变绿（植被叶面积的增加）。更重要的是，在中国变绿的过程中，森林贡献了42%，大于农用地的32%，远大于印度4.4%的森林贡献率。
Earlier this year, a multinational cooperative research paper led by Boston University and mainly funded by NASA was published in Nature Sustainability. The paper was entitled 'China and India Lead in Greening of the World Through The Land-Use Management', and found that during the period from 2000 to 2017, China and India dominated global land greening (increases in leaf-covered areas). More importantly, in the process of turning China greener, forests contributed 42%, greater than the 32% contribution of agricultural land and much more than India's forest contribution of 4.4%.
地球变绿，中国做了多大贡献？卫星遥感有图有真相
▲ Source: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/56452684, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0220-7
能取得这一成果，中国的造林护林活动是重要原因。
China's afforestation and forest protection are crucial parts of the results achieved.
从20世纪70年代以来，中国先后启动了许多重大生态建设工程，其中与陆地变绿直接相关的至少有6个：“三北”防护林工程、天然林资源保护工程、退耕还林（草）工程、长江/珠江流域防护林工程、京津风沙源治理工程、退牧还草工程。这些工程覆盖了中国的绝大部分地区。
Since the 1970s, China has successively launched many large ecological projects, including six projects which are directly related to land greening: the "Three-North" Shelter Forest Program, the Natural Forest Resource Protection Project, the Project of Returning Farmland to Forest (Grass), the Shelterbelt Forestry Project of the Yangtze/Pearl River Basin, the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project and the Project of Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands. These projects cover most of the regions of China.
“三北”防护林工程，1979年开始实施，涉及13个省市区，工程建设总面积406.9万平方公里，占全国陆地总面积的42.4%，至今总投资约500多亿元。
Beginning in 1979, the "Three-North" Shelter Forest Program involving 13 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, has achieved a total construction area of 4.069 million square kilometers, accounting for 42.4% of China's total land area, with total investment adding up to more than 50 billion yuan so far.
天然林资源保护工程，1998年开始试点，涉及17个省区、724个县、160个重点企业、14个自然保护区等，到2004年累积投资488.3亿元。
Beginning in 1998, the Natural Forest Resource Protection Project involving 724 counties, 160 key enterprises and 14 nature reserves in 17 provinces and autonomous regions, reached cumulative investment of 48.83 billion yuan by 2004.
退耕还林（草）工程，始于1999年，涉及25个省区、1897个县区，是迄今为止世界上最大的生态建设工程，仅中央投入的工程资金就超过4300多亿元。
Having been started in 1999, the Project of Returning Farmland to Forest (Grass) involves 1,897 counties in 25 provinces and autonomous regions. It is one of the largest ever ecological project to be carried out worldwide. The central government alone has invested more than 430 billion yuan in the project.
长江/珠江流域防护林工程，一期为1989—2010年，根据森林清查资料及林业统计年鉴，共造林约6.3万平方公里、育林约5.5万平方公里。二期涉及的范围更广，其中长江流域防护林二期工程包括17个省（市）的1033个县（市、区），规划造林任务6.9万平方公里。
Phase I of the Shelterbelt Forestry Project of the Yangtze/Pearl River Basin was carried out between 1989 and 2010. According to forest inventory data and the forestry statistical yearbook, a total of 63,000 square kilometers of forest were planted and 55,000 square kilometers were afforested. The Phase II covers a wider range, of which the Shelterbelt Forestry Project of the Yangtze River Basin Phase II includes 1,033 counties (cities and urban districts) in 17 provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a planned afforestation task of 69,000 square kilometers.
京津风沙源治理工程，始于2002年，涉及北京、天津、河北、山西及内蒙古等五省（区、市）的75个县，总面积45.8万平方公里，一期工程初步匡算投资558亿元。
Having begun in 2002, the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project involves 75 counties across five provinces (autonomous region and municipalities directly under the Central Government) including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, with a total area of 458,000 square kilometers. The initial estimated investment for Phase I is 55.8 billion yuan.
退牧还草工程，自2003年以来，北方7省区退牧还草工程约64万平方公里，中央已累计投入资金295.7亿元。
Since 2003, the Project of Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands has covered 640,000 square kilometers in seven northern provinces and autonomous regions. The Central Government has invested 29.57 billion yuan in the project.
要了解中国这些造林工程的成果，观察数据的变化是最直接的。在生态环境变化监测领域，应用最广泛的技术是通过卫星遥感获取地球影像，从而进行持续不断的观测。
The most effective way to understand the results of these afforestation projects in China is to observe changes in collected data. In the field of ecological environment change monitoring, the most widely used technology is that of acquiring images of the earth for continuous monitoring through remote satellite sensing.
下面用几组数据和影像告诉你，绿色奇迹是怎么发的。
Here are a few sets of data and images which illustrate the reasons behind this green miracle.
在遥感应用领域，评价植被覆盖及植被生长情况常用的指标是“植被指数”，其中“归一化植被指数”（NDVI）的应用最为广泛。NDVI越高，通常植被覆盖率越高。
In the field of remote sensing applications, the "vegetation index" is widely used for evaluating vegetation coverage and vegetation growth and the "normalized difference vegetation index" (NDVI) is most widely used. In general, the higher the NDVI, the higher the vegetation coverage.
计算发现，中国、印度及欧洲大部分国家2015年NDVI相对于1982年有明显的增加，说明这些国家陆地明显变绿了；而整个北美国家、澳大利亚、非洲与南美洲南部国家的NDVI呈下降趋势。
The NDVI(at the national level) in China, India and most European countries show significant increases in 2015 compared with 1982, indicating that the land of these countries has turned significantly green. However, the NDVI in the countries in North America, Australia, Africa and South America showed a decreasing trend in 2015 compared with 1982.
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